Izinhlelo ze-Ultrasound – Ukubona Okungabonakali Ngamaza Omsindo

Ubuchwepheshe besimanje be-ultrasound bushintshe izithombe zezokwelapha kusukela ezithombeni ezimile zokwakheka komzimba kuya ekuhlolweni kokusebenza okuguquguqukayo, konke ngaphandle kwemisebe ye-ionizing. Lesi sihloko sihlola i-physics, izinhlelo zokusebenza zezokwelapha, kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha ku-ultrasound yokuxilonga.

Izimiso Zomzimba
I-ultrasound yezokwelapha isebenza kumaza omsindo angu-2-18MHz. Umphumela we-piezoelectric uguqula amandla kagesi abe ukudlidliza komshini ku-transducer. Isinxephezelo sokuthola isikhathi (i-TGC) silungisa ukuncishiswa okuncike ekujuleni (0.5-1 dB/cm/MHz). Ukulungiswa kwe-axial kuncike kubude be-wavelength (λ = c/f), kuyilapho ukulungiswa kwe-lateral kuhlobene nobubanzi be-beam.

Isikhathi Sokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

• 1942: Isicelo sokuqala sezokwelapha sikaKarl Dussik (ukuthwebula izithombe zobuchopho)
• 1958: U-Ian Donald wenza i-ultrasound yokukhulelwa
• 1976: Abaguquli be-analog scan bavumela izithombe ezimpunga
• 1983: I-Color Doppler yethulwa nguNamekawa noKasai
• 2012: I-FDA ivuma amadivayisi okuqala alingana nephakethe

Izindlela Zokwelapha

1. Imodi ye-B
   Izithombe eziyisisekelo ze-grayscale ezinesisombululo sendawo esifinyelela ku-0.1mm
2. Amasu Okusebenzisa Ama-Doppler

• I-Color Doppler: Imephu yejubane (umkhawulo we-Nyquist 0.5-2m/s)
• I-Power Doppler: Ukuzwela kakhudlwana izikhathi ezingu-3-5 ekugelezeni okuhamba kancane
• I-Spectral Doppler: Ilinganisa ubukhulu be-stenosis (izilinganiso ze-PSV >2 zibonisa >50% i-carotid stenosis)

3. Amasu Athuthukisiwe

• I-Elastography (Ukuqina kwesibindi >7.1kPa kubonisa i-F2 fibrosis)
• I-ultrasound ethuthukisiwe ngokuqhathanisa (ama-SonoVue microbubbles)
• Ukuthwebula izithombe kwe-3D/4D (i-Voluson E10 ifinyelela isinqumo se-voxel esingu-0.3mm)

Izicelo Ezivelayo

• I-Ultrasound Egxilile (i-FUS)
  • Ukususwa kokushisa (85% ukusinda iminyaka emi-3 ekuthuthumeleni okubalulekile)
  • Ukuvulwa kwesithiyo segazi nobuchopho sokwelashwa kwe-Alzheimer's
• I-Ultrasound Yokunakekelwa (i-POCUS)
  • Ukuhlolwa okusheshayo (ukuzwela okungu-98% kwe-hemoperitoneum)
  • Imigqa ye-B ye-ultrasound yamaphaphu (ukunemba okungu-93% kokuvuvukala kwamaphaphu)

Imingcele Yokusungula Izinto Ezintsha

1. Ubuchwepheshe be-CMUT
   Ama-transducer e-ultrasonic asebenzisa i-capacitive micromachined avumela i-bandwidth ebanzi kakhulu (3-18MHz) nge-bandwidth eyingxenye engu-40%.
2. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-AI

• I-Samsung S-Shearwave inikeza izilinganiso ze-elastography eziqondiswa yi-AI
• Ukubalwa kwe-EF okuzenzakalelayo kukhombisa ukuhambisana okungu-0.92 ne-MRI yenhliziyo

3. Inguquko Ephethwe Ngesandla
   I-Butterfly iQ+ isebenzisa izakhi ze-MEMS ezingu-9000 ekwakhiweni kwe-single-chip, enesisindo esingu-205g kuphela.
4. Izicelo Zokwelapha
   I-Histotripsy ingavimbeli ngokuzenzakalelayo isusa izimila nge-acoustic cavitation (izivivinyo zemitholampilo zomdlavuza wesibindi).

Izinselele Zobuchwepheshe

• Ukulungiswa kwesigaba sokuphambuka ezigulini ezikhuluphele kakhulu
• Ukujula kokungena okulinganiselwe (15cm ku-3MHz)
• Ama-algorithm okunciphisa umsindo we-Speckle
• Izithiyo zomthetho zezinhlelo zokuxilonga ezisekelwe ku-AI

Imakethe ye-ultrasound yomhlaba wonke ($8.5B ngo-2023) ishintshwa yizinhlelo eziphathekayo, manje ezibiza u-35% wokuthengisa. Ngobuchwepheshe obusha obufana nokuthwebula izithombe okunesisombululo esiphezulu (ukubuka imithambo ye-50μm ngeso lengqondo) kanye namasu okunikeza izinzwa, i-ultrasound iyaqhubeka nokuchaza kabusha imingcele yokuxilonga okungangenisi uhlaselo.